Notes to the consolidated financial statements 114 Financial statements 30. Financial risk management and financial instruments Credit risk Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to Heineken if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations, and arises principally from Heineken's receivables from customers and investment securities. As at balance sheet date there were no significant concentrations of credit risk. The maximum exposure to credit risk is represented by the carrying amount of each financial instrument, including derivative financial instruments, in the balance sheet. Loans to customers Heineken's exposure to credit risk is mainly influenced by the individual characteristics of each customer. The demographics of Heineken's customer base, including the default risk of the industry and country in which customers operate, have less of an influence on credit risk. Geographically there is no concentration of credit risk. Heineken's held-to-maturity investments includes loans to customers, issued based on a loan contract. Loans to customers are ideally secured by, amongst others, rights on property or intangible assets, such as the right to take possession of the premises of the customer. Interest rates calculated by Heineken are at least based on the risk-free rate plus a margin, which takes into account the risk profile of the customer and value of security given. Heineken establishes an allowance for impairment of loans that represents its estimate of incurred losses. The main components of this allowance are a specific loss component that relates to individually significant exposures, and a collective loss component established for groups of similar customers in respect of losses that have been incurred but not yet identified. The collective loss allowance is determined based on historical data of payment statistics. In a few countries the issue of new loans is outsourced to third parties. In most cases, Heineken issues sureties (guarantees) to the third party for the risk of default of the customer. Heineken in return receives a fee. Trade and other receivables Heineken's local management has credit policies in place and the exposure to credit risk is monitored on an ongoing basis. Under the credit policies all customers requiring credit over a certain amount are reviewed and new customers are analysed individually for creditworthiness before Heineken's standard payment and delivery terms and conditions are offered. Heineken's review includes external ratings, where available, and in some cases bank references. Purchase limits are established for each customer and these limits are reviewed regularly. Customers that fail to meet Heineken's benchmark creditworthiness may transact with Heineken only on a prepayment basis. In monitoring customer credit risk, customers are, on a country base, grouped according to their credit characteristics, including whether they are an individual or legal entity, which type of distribution channel they represent, geographic location, industry, ageing profile, maturity and existence of previous financial difficulties. Customers that are graded as 'high risk' are placed on a restricted customer list, and future sales are made on a prepayment basis with approval of management. Heineken has multiple distribution models to deliver goods to end customers. Deliveries are done in some countries via own wholesalers, in other markets directly and in some others via third parties. As such distribution models are country-specific and on consolidated level diverse, as such the results and the balance sheet items cannot be split between types of customers on a consolidated basis. The various distribution models are also not centrally managed or monitored. Heineken establishes an allowance for impairment that represents its estimate of incurred losses in respect of trade and other receivables and investments. The components of this allowance are a specific loss component and a collective loss component. Heineken N.V. Annual Report 2007

Jaarverslagen en Personeelsbladen Heineken

Jaarverslagen | 2007 | | pagina 112